Definition: Application layer is 7 layer of the OSI model. This layer provides the better interface that helps to directly interacts along with software application and offers common web application services. This layer also fires a request to presentation layer, and it also delivers the network services to end-users.
Application layer helps to manage all issues like as network transparency, resource allocation, and more. This application layer does not perform like as application, but it works as application layer functions.
Functions of Application Layer
Application layer allows to users to implement the all services of network.
This layer helps to design of network-based applications.
It allows to users several services such as user login, transmission of data, e-mail, network devices configuration, and messages formatting.
It is enabled with error handling and recovery of information.
This layer offers various rights like as retrieve and handle files
From remote terminal system.
It provides the virtual terminal that take care abstract data structure, and it is controlled by keyboard and your computer system which helps to display your current state of data structure.
It provides the authentication in between multiple network devices for delivering most security in the layer.
Application layer also offers the mail services like as email forwarding and storage of e-mails.
It also provides the directory services that help to access global information related to several objects and services.
This layer monitors the sufficient availability of resources which are need in the network.
Application Layer Services
The application layer provides many services, including:
Email clients
Network data sharing
Virtual terminals
Various file and data operations
File transfer
Web surfing
Web chat
Protocols of Application layer
Here, we will explain various protocols which are used in the Application layer; below explain each one–
Application layer Protocols List
Telnet
File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Domain Name System (DNS)
BOOTP
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Common Management Information Protocol over TCP (CMOT)
Post Office Protocol (POP)
Network file system NFS
Line Printer Daemon LPD
X window
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
MQTT
SMQTT
CoAP
DDS
XMPP
AMQP
RESTful HTTP
MQTT-SN
STOMP
SMCP
LLAP
SSI
LWM2M
M3DA
XMPP-IOT
ONS 2.0
SOAP
Websocket
Reactive Streams
HTTP/2
JavaScript IOT
Examples of Application Layer
There are several examples of application layer protocols; below explain each one –
Telnet: It stands for “TELecomunications NETwork”, and it offers various permissions to Telnet clients to access several resources of Telnet server.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP protocol allows transfer all files between local and remote system, and it works on the surface of TCP/IP.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP): This is simple protocol that allows the file transfer functionalities without any user authentication.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):SMTP is a communication protocol that is used for mail server for transmitting emails over the internet system.
Domain Name System (DNS): DNS works like as phonebook over the internet that allows to user for getting access information online with using of domain name such as digitalthinkerhelp.com.
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP): BOOTP protocol is used in the computer networking over the internet where to get IP address automatically to other devices from server.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): SNMP protocol is used as framework that helps to control multiple devices over the internet.
Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP): This protocol is used for getting management over the network system.
Post Office Protocol (POP):POP is a computer networking protocol that is used for accessing and retrieves email from a remote mail server for access by the host machine.
Network file system (NFS): NFS protocol was developed by Sun Microsystems, in 1984, and it is distributed file system protocol that provides the access to user on client system for retrieving all files over the network system in the similar way.
Line Printer Daemon (LPD): This is printer protocol that helps to make connection with workstation and printer over the TCP/IP network system.
X window: This protocol is used for writing of graphical user interface based over the client/server applications, and its main objective is in the networks of interconnected mainframes.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP): This is network protocol that is used on IP network where IP address was allotted by the DHCP server automatically as well as other information to every terminal system over the network.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP protocol allows transmitting all hypermedia documents like as HTML, and it was developed for making communication in between the web browser and web servers.
MQTT: MQTT stands for “Message Queuing Telemetry Transport” and it is lightweight messaging protocol. This protocol is introduced mainly for sensor networks and wireless sensor networks.
SMQTT: SMQTT stands for “Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport”, and it is an encryption based light weight messaging protocol.
CoAP: CoAP stands for “Constrained Application Protocol”, and it is developed for constrained Hardware. If this hardware is not capable to support to HTTP or TCP/IP, then they can use CoAP Protocol.
DDS: DDS stands for “Data Distribution Service”, and it was introduced by Object Management Group (OMG) for real time systems.
XMPP: XMPP stands for “Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol”, and it is an XML based messaging protocol. Main objective of XMPP is to allow the real time and scalable networking in between multiple devices and other things.
